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Rabu, 19 Desember 2012

Hortatory Exposition




Standard Competence :
       Understanding the meaning of short functional text and simple monologue and dialogue in the form of narrative ,report, spoof, analytical exposition, and hortatory exposition in daily life.
       Expressing the meaning of transactional and interpersonal dialogue and monologue in daily life
       Understanding the meaning of short functional text and simple essay in the form of narrative, report, spoof, analytical exposition, and hortatory exposition in daily life
       Expressing the meaning short functional text  and simple essay in the form of narrative , report, spoof, analytical exposition, and  hortatory exposition in daily life

Basic Competence :
       Responding to a hortatory exposition text
       Expressing a hortatory exposition text
       Reading a hortatory exposition text
       Writing a hortatory exposition text

Indicators :
          Brainstorm the ideas
          Get specific information from the hortatory exposition text
          Write a hortatory exposition text with well and correct generic structure

Definition : 
            Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.
            Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both from one to each other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation. 

Social Function :
            To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition Text :
  1. Focusing on the writer
  2. Using action verb
  3. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
  4. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, however, therefore, etc)
  5. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
  6. Using passive voice
  7. Using simple present tense
  8. The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
  9. The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
  10. The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
  11. The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition Text :
1)    Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2)   Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3)   Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments

Example of Hortatory Exposition Text
Mobile Phones Should Not be Banned in School [Tittle]
            Mobile phones is not used just for calling, but sending text, taking pictures, accessing internet, and much more. Many students bring their phones to school. For them, mobile phone has many uses. So, mobile phones should not be banned in school. Why do I said that? [Thesis]
       Firstly, students call their parents for other needs. By mobile phone, student can call or their close relative if they need something to be brought to school. In addition, mobile phone can be used to call their children when one of their family were hit by disasters suddenly. And then, student can called their parent to pick her up when want to go home. [Arguments]
       Secondly, increased of knowledge among students. When trying to find answer of difficult task at school, mobile phone can be used as a connecting to search the answer through GPRS or WiFi networks. [Arguments]
       Finally, expand the network of friendship among students. School is the right place to find friend. Average, student been at school about 7 hours or more. So that, a lot of students found their friend in the school environment . Therefore, communication between friends should be kept on of which using a mobile phone. [Arguments]
       So, I think mobile phone should not be banned in school. But, use your phone in the time and right place so that no one was disturbed. [Recommendation]

Weather Reports and Tables/Graphs



Standard Competency :
Expressing meaning in short functional text and monologue form of narrative, explanation and discussion in the context of daily life to access knowledge.
Basic Competency :
Revealing the functional meaning of the text and the official unofficial accurately, fluently and acceptable in the context of daily life and involves speech acts, to discuss the possibility.
Indicators :
Students are able to:
1.     Identify the ways to describe weather report, tables, graphs and diagram
2.     Get specific information from the weather report, tables, graphs and diagram.
3.     Write simple paragraph (text being learned) from the information provided in the weather report, tables, graphs and diagram given


Weather  report :
The text is a weather report or weatherforecast in spoken  form. A weather report is a prediction of weather.
The weather is predicted through application of the principles of physics and meteorology.
Weather report usuallu find in : television , radio , newspapers and BMG office.

A weather report is a bit technical as compared to other report writing you have been practicing earlier. You need to choose words and phrases correctly and present the information gathered in the language of meteorologists.


Expressions used in a weather report :
•         A high of twenty degrees.
•         A low of -25.
•         20 percent chance of snow.
•         Mainly sunny.
•         Sunny with cloudy periods.
•         Above/below average temperatures.
•         A few flurries.
•         5-day forecast.
•          Temperatures are going to drop/dip/plunge (go down quickly).
•         Temperatures are going to rise/soar/climb (go up quickly).
•         A warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving)

Name  of  Weather :
  • Sunny 
  • Warm  
  • Hot
  • Mild    
  • Cold  
  • Freezing
  • Cloudy    
  • Foggy  
  • Smoggy
  • Rainy
  • Dry
  • Windy    
  • Snow  
  • Thunder
  • Mist    
  • Blizzard  
  • Fog
  • Hurricane 
  • Wet        
  • Overcast


Example Weather report Text :
Hello , Good morning. This is erick with local weather report.  It will be foggy this morning in almost all parts of town , followed by slight showers. Homever , the showers willnot last for a long time. By early afternoon it will be cloudy until late afternoon , followed by heavy rain with thunder storm in the evening into the night. Thank you.

Table :
Table presents facts and figures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns.

Steps we need to do to read the table:
1.     Observing the table title
2.     Observe the columns in the table
3.     Found significant differences in the data, either the highest, lowest and average
4.     Draw conclusions from the data presented in the table

Example:
NAME
CLASS
SCORE
JEN
A
70
NIKI
B
80
SOLLA
B
75
JASON
C
90
ELLEN
D
85
LOLI
B
60

Graph is a visual concise means of presenting information.
There are basic kinds of graphs :
1.     Bar Graphs
2.     Line Graphs
3.     Circle or Pie Graphs

Graphs usually find in : clinic , BPS office , Library .etc
1.     Bar Graphs
Bar graphs is a type of graphs which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram, bargraph is useful when there is a numerical comparison.
2.     Line Graphs
A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed.

3.     Pie Graphs
Cirle graphs (sometimes called pie or circle chart) are used to show the parts that make up a whole. They can be useful for comparing the size of relative parts.

So, Too, Either, Neither



So,Too,Either,Neither

SO is used to show agreement with positive statements.
To express positive agreement we use: SO + Auxiliary + Subject
example : 


SO
AUXILIARY
SUBJECT
I like dogs
So
Does
Mary
I went to the movies
So
did
Mary



Too is used when the verb is in the affirmative form.
We can use subject + auxiliary verb + too
Example :

SUBJECT
AUXILIARY
TOO
I like dogs
Mary
Does
Too
I went to the movies
Mary
did
Too



Either is used when the verb is in the negative formTo express negative agreement we use: Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + either
Example :

SUBJECT
AUXILIARY
(negative form)
EITHER
I don’t like cats
John
Doesn’t
Either
I did’t like mouse
Shelly
Didn’t
Either



Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.To express negative agreement we use
Neither + Auxiliary verb + Subject 
Example :

Neither
AUXILIARY
Subject
I don’t like cats
Neither
Does
Martin
They don’t speak japanese
Neither
Do

Definite and Indefinite Pronoun



Definite and Indefinite Pronoun
 
An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:
all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone
Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences:
He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)
I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)
Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.
Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Look at these examples:
Each of the players has a doctor.
I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.
Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:
Many have expressed their views.
pronoun
meaning
example
singular
another
an additional or different person or thing
That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody/anyone
no matter what person
Can anyone answer this question?
anything
no matter what thing
The doctor needs to know if you have eatenanything in the last two hours.
each
every one of two or more people or things, seen separately
Each has his own thoughts.
either
one or the other of two people or things
Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind.Either is good for me.
enough
as much or as many as needed
Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone
all people
We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything
all things
They have no house or possessions. They losteverything in the earthquake.
less
a smaller amount
"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little
a small amount
Little is known about his early life.
much
a large amount
Much has happend since we met.
neither
not one and not the other of two people or things
I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me.
nobody/no-one
no person
I phoned many times butnobody answered.
nothing
no single thing, not anything
If you don't know the answer it's best to saynothing.
one
an unidentified person
Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other
a different person or thing from one already mentioned
One was tall and theother was short.
somebody/someone
an unspecified or unknown person
Clearly somebodymurdered him. It was not suicide.
something
an unspecified or unknown thing
Listen! I just heardsomething! What could it be?
you
an unidentified person (informal)
And you can see why.
plural
both
two people or things, seen together
John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
few
a small number of people or things
Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer
a reduced number of people or things
Fewer are smoking these days.
many
a large number of people or things
Many have come already.
others
other people; not us
I'm sure that othershave tried before us.
several
more than two but not many
They all complained andseveral left the meeting.
they
people in general (informal)
They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all
the whole quantity of something or of some things or people
All is forgiven.
All have arrived.
any
no matter how much or how many
Is any left?
Are any coming?
more
a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things
There is more over there.
More are coming.
most
the majority; nearly all
Most is lost.
Most have refused.
none
not any; no person or persons
They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap?
I invited five friends butnone have come.*
some
an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things
Here is some.
Some have arrived.
such
of the type already mentioned
He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated assuch.

* Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required
 
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